Fig. 2From: A HIF-1α inhibitor combined with palmitic acid and L-carnitine treatment can prevent the fat metabolic reprogramming under hypoxia and induce apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cellsROS production via the FAO pathway could induce apoptosis in HCC cells treated with PA. A ROS levels in HCC cells with or without 50/100 μM PA treatment for 48 hours. N: normoxia, H: hypoxia. B ROS levels in 100 μM PA-treated or untreated HCC cells under hypoxia with or without 1 mM N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) treatment for 48 hours. C Western blot analysis of cleaved caspase 3 and cleaved PARP protein expression in 200 μM PA-treated HCC cells under hypoxia with or without 5 mM NAC treatment. β-actin expression was analyzed as an internal control. D Western blot analysis of HIF-1α protein expression in HCC cells under normoxia (N) and hypoxia (H) for 12 hours. In parallel, HIF-1α expression was analyzed in HCC cells that were treated with 1 mM dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) under normoxia, indicated as N (DMOG+). β-actin expression was analyzed as an internal control. E Using the FAO Blue system, in vitro FAO activity was analyzed in HCC cells that were treated with PA under normoxic (DMOG-) and hypoxia mimicking (DMOG+) conditions. F Western blot analysis of CPT1A protein expression in CPT1A knockdown (KD) and scramble control (SC) HCC cells. G FAO activity in KD and SC cells with or without 100 μM PA treatment under normoxic (DMOG-) and hypoxia mimicking (DMOG+) conditions. H ROS levels in KD and SC cells under normoxia (N) and hypoxia (H) with or without PA treatment for 48 hours. I Western blot analysis of cleaved caspase 3 and cleaved PARP protein expression in KD and SC cells with or without 100 μM PA treatment under hypoxia. β-actin expression was analyzed as an internal control. Values are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) of three independent experiments (A, B, E, G, H). N.S.: not significant, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 versus controlBack to article page